Why Teeagers Run Away from Home

It is critical that the number of youth who run away from home is increasing at a dangerous rate, and millions of parents suffer every year because their children run away from home. These parents say it is like a never-ending nightmare, and they are left to struggle with the question of why their child would leave home. Too many teenagers run â€Å"from† something rather than â€Å"to† something, but runaway teenagers claim they leave home in search of safety and freedom. Running away from home is usually a quick decision, and that choice is made on impulse rather than logical reasoning.One problem every teenager faces on a daily basis is stressful situations, but this can come to such an extreme that the only choice is to leave. Runaway teenagers are often victims of poor problem-solving, and they do not see alternative solutions other than leaving home. The romanticized view of living on the streets lures young teenagers to leave home, but they do not realize the har sh reality they will face. Teenagers run away from home on impulse, and they think it is easier to run away rather than to fix the problem.There are several reasons children run away from home, but a prominent reason is unstable and stressful family situations. One problem teenagers face these days is that both parents may work, and their mom and dad are not around much. Absence of a parent does not make the heart grow fonder, and oftentimes a runaway will complain that she is not loved anymore. Some teenagers run away as a response to a divorce between their parents. Since they have never experienced a situation like this, a teenager does not know how to react, so they escape to wield power over, get attention from, manipulate, or punish their parents.The death of a close family member can have a detrimental impact on a young teenager, and it can cause them to suffer an acute personal crisis and leave. For many teenagers, death is an obstacle that is hard to deal with, and without coping mechanisms, could quickly lead to running away from home. Major reasons teenagers run away from home are unstable and stressful family situations, and often include lack of parental guidance, divorce, and death of a family member.The main reason why kids run away from home is because they do not have good problem solving skills, and running away from home is an â€Å"either-or† kind of solution. Teenagers run away because they do not want to face something, and that includes unwanted emotions. They are trying to avoid any type of accountability, for the fear of consequences outweighs the possibility of a harsh, real world experience. The adolescent who has run away has run out of problem solving skills, and leaving home seems to solve their immediate problems.Running away becomes a quick fix, and it is the product of black-and-white thinking. If the circumstances are right, a teenager can run away at any time if they do not see an alternative solution. The willingness to leave can develop from a variety of reasons, for teenagers often do not know that what they are facing can be dealt with using other strategies. Running away from home shows poor problem solving skills, and the fear of consequences and accountability, not being able to see alternative solutions, and thinking it solves immediate problems are all signs of poor problem solving.Another factor is that teenagers often idealize running away, and they develop a romanticized view of life on the streets. Teenagers think that if they leave home, they will have all of the freedom they have ever wanted, and that they can control what happens to them. For some, running away makes them feel free, unsupervised, with no curfew hours, homework, dress code, and eating habits, but some just seek adventure and are pressured by their peers.Teenagers always want to find their own answers to their own problems, and this often leads to arguments between parents and children. Running away seems to offer a rebellious teen the chance to make choices for themself, and this thought is very tempting to many. Runaway teenagers have a very glamorous view of an independent life style, and they do not realize the struggles they will face. They have a naive picture in their head of a world filled with nice, fun, harmless people, but in reality, one is always cold, hungry, and struggling.Teenagers think to highly of a life away from home, and this is because they are naive, looking for control, and they want to make their own choices. Running away from home seems like an adventure or the key to freedom, and as if â€Å"no one can tell me what to do. † Unstable family conditions are often the cause of teenagers running away from home, and for many teens this is a difficult obstacle to face. A teenager who runs away from home is often a victim of poor problem solving skills, and they are looking for an easy escape from their problems.Teenagers are intrigues by the thought of living on the ir own, and often times have a romanticized view of a harsh and cruel world. Any child can run away at any time if the circumstances are right, and if they are under enough stress, any kid can justify running away. Do not forget that running away is like any other action, so in order to do it, one needs the ability, the willingness, and the opportunity. Kids have to ability and opportunity to run every day, so all it really takes is the willingness to do it.

William Faulkner Essay

Gabriel Arcia 9 Honors English Mr. Settle April 18, 2010 William Faulkner’s Accomplishments William Faulkner stood 5’6† tall, but was a giant in the realm of Americans (Padgett). He is a great image of literature up to this date for his many contributions to American literary works. He has helped humanity discover how important literature and art is in America. He had accomplished more artistically over a decade than most writers in a lifetime (Padgett). Between the years 1927-1934, he had books published every year (Reuben). Many of his greatest novels were As I Lay Dying; Light in America, and above all, Absalom, Absalom. William Faulkner was known as one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers in history. He had special talents in drawing and writing poetry. His famous books made him president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and he received the National Book Award for A Fable (Hoffman 15). William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi (Hoffman 13; Polk). William Clark Faulkner’s parents named him after his great-grandfather (Padgett; Polk). His parent’s names were Murry and Maud Faulkner. His three siblings were Murry, Jr. , John, and Dean, with William being the oldest. In September 22, 1902, when Faulkner was only five years old, he moved to Oxford at the urging of his father and stayed there for most of his life (Hoffman 13; Padgett; Polk; Reuben). This is where he received his baptized name, which was William Cuthbert Faulkner (Reuben). In the sixth grade, Faulkner grew bored with his studies and demonstrated his artistic talents (Padgett). In 1914, Phil Stone became Faulkner’s best friend and encouraged Faulkner in becoming a great author and writer. Hoffman 13; Padgett). While William Faulkner loved being an author, Stone was schooled at Ole Miss and Yale and eventually became a lawyer (Padgett; Reuben). In September 1919, Faulkner enrolled at the University of Mississippi, but never got a college degree (Frenz; Hoffman 13; Padgett; Reuben). Part of the main reason why Faulkner never received a degree was that Mississippi was one of the poorest states dur ing the time of the Great Depression (Padgett). He later dropped out after three semesters in November 1920. School was never on Faulkner’s mind. It was mostly his writings and artwork that inspired him day by day. Faulkner’s childhood sweetheart was a young girl named Estelle Oldham, who was very popular and attended many dances and parties (Padgett; Reuben). There were many barriers between them and the reason for that is Faulkner’s mother sent him to school and this opened a door for someone else to fall in love with Estelle. The man who eventually fell in love with Estelle was Cornell Franklin. They married in Oxford on April 18th, 1918; however, in 1929 Estelle divorced Franklin and married William Faulkner on June 20th (Padgett; Reuben). In 1931, Faulkner’s first daughter was born but died nine days later, but two years after his first daughter’s death, his second daughter was born and her name was Jill (Reuben). One of the best-known authors that influenced William Faulkner was Mark Twain. Mark Twain’s famous novels were The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (Polk). Faulkner was inspired by Twain’s famous novels and they led him to become an author. Faulkner’s first book published was The Marble Faun in 1924 (Hoffman 13). Other than being an author, Faulkner had a temporary job in a New York bookstore and the New Orleans Newspaper (Frenz). Faulkner took an application to join the U. S. Air Force too. In his application, Faulkner changed his name to Finchley, lived in the county of Middlesex, England, birth date was May 25, 1898, and his current civil occupation was student (Reuben). His application in the U. S. Air Force was denied. He was not allowed to join because they thought Faulkner was too short. Faulkner then decided to join the Canadian Royal Air Force. He took part in World War I during this phase of his life. (Hoffman 13). He was later discharged from his position in the Royal Air Force, but received a commission as the honorable second lieutenant on July 8, 1918. In 1932, Faulkner entered Hollywood as a motion-picture scriptwriter. This is where he worked for the 20th Century Fox and Universal Studios (Polk; Reuben). Faulkner’s tones in his novels were usually serious and even tragic (Polk). Faulkner’s fiction books discuss issues on sex, class, race relation, and relations with nature. In 1948, Intruder in the Dust was the most outspoken moral evaluation of relationships between blacks and whites (Frenz). Critics denounced his books with their emphasis on violence and abnormality. One of William Faulkner’s famous quotes is, â€Å"The past is never dead; it’s not even past† (qtd. n Reuben). In 1957, William Faulkner took two semester classes as Writer-in-Residence in the University of Virginia (Hoffman 15). In 1948, Faulkner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters (Polk; Reuben). In 1949, William Faulkner received a Nobel Prize in literature and accepted it in December of 1950 (Hoffman 14; Re uben). William Faulkner was given the National Book Award for his collected stories in 1951. In 1955, he won the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for A Fable (Hoffman 15). One of William Faulkner’s brilliant and best novels was The Sanctuary. His last book before he died was The Reivers and it received another. In July 6, 1962, William Faulkner died of a heart attack in Oxford at the age of 65 (Padgett; Reuben). Right after his death, Faulkner was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for The Reivers (Hoffman 15). One of his quotes in the Nobel Prize speech was, â€Å"The young man or women writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agency and the sweat† (qtd. in Padgett). William Faulkner has inspired American literature and history. He is known throughout the world, because he believed in his true dreams. He traveled from Japan to Nogan and many more places in the world to attend conferences and lecture many classes (Hoffman 15). Millions of people have failed once in their lives, but William Faulkner did not let failure get into his way. On a nice summer day, Faulkner was injured by a fall from a horse (Padgett). He did not let that fall stop him from his literary works. In every book Faulkner published, he reminded his readers of his universal values, which are love, honor, pity, pride, compassion, and sacrifice (Polk). Of course, there were many critiques on his books and genres, but he also had thousands of fans that enjoyed his books and his amazing artwork. Faulkner was raised in a normal family like everyone else is raised in the world, but he decided to come into it and make a difference in it. He pursued his dreams until he finally got hold of it and used it to change the world. A lot of people do not notice Faulkner’s hard work and effort, but one day everyone will realize the importance of this universal figure and appreciate William Faulkner for his amazing contributions to American literature. Rios

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Climate change - Essay Example London and New Orleans already have storm surge defense mechanisms in place as a national requirement. Displacement of communities and reduction in landmass will have dire consequences on the world’s resources. Coastal erosion, flooding, water quality, loss of life and cultural resources and values are all expected to be implicated as a result of this effect of climate change. . The Maldives are currently under pressure. President Nasheed of the Maldives islands stated recently that the nation state was looking for new land to purchase due to the effects of rising sea levels. The nation has the lowest land mass above sea level and it is estimated that unless climate change is controlled the nation will be under water by the end of this century. (OCarroll, 2008) New York metropolitan area is a coastal community so dramatic raises in sea levels will bare negative consequences. The GE community in Hungary has developed an animation to show the effects of sea level rises and shows a time line on the continuation of rises and the submerging of the area. The animation is available from http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2007/04/animation_roundup_ri.html OCarroll E (2008) Faced with rising sea levels, the Maldives seek new homeland Online Journal The Christian Scientist available from http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2008/11/11/faced-with-rising-sea-levels-the-maldives-seek-new-homeland/ accessed 9th December

Introduction to Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Nokia - Essay Example â€Å"How an organization uses its collective ability to make sense of and respond to its surroundings. It includes individual learning as employees interact with the external environment or experiment to create new information or knowledge, the integration of new information or knowledge, the relation and collective interpretation of all available information, and action based on the interpretation. Organizational learning is more than the sum of the learning of all employees.† (Nancy Dixon, 1995) Nowadays organizations are in process of rapid changes due to drastic changes in technology. Managers are now more focusing on innovation and creativity of their products and services. For this they also need help of their employees (Metcalfe, 1995). Nokia is the world leader in mobile communications. Nokia has a strong backing of its unmatched experience, innovative ideas, solution that are more secure than others, user friendly systems. It is right now the leading mobile supplier in the world with the overall market share of 33%. It also holds the award of leading supplier of IP and mobile networks. Nokia is a broadly held company with listings on six major exchanges.

Pedagogic and Syllabus Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pedagogic and Syllabus - Case Study Example Mr. O’Bryan was diligent in discussing the exercises from the textbook and could fairly assess the progress of the students through the students’ participation in class, as well as in results of the examination. Mr. O’Bryan could gauge the level of competencies of the current students based on their cultural orientations, exposure to English as their second language, as well as in the predominantly similar cultural background. Likewise, from the topics that have been covered so far, students and the course supervisor are accorded with opportunities to assess the progress and competencies of the class, in general; and of any particular student who could manifest higher or lower proficiencies in the subject matter. For one’s scheduled teaching activity, the subject is on Reflexive pronouns. At the end of one’s session on Reflexive Pronouns, the students should be able to have a greater understanding of the use of pronouns such as me, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves; and be able to apply these in different sentence structures with greater competencies. In teaching the verb tenses, Mr. O’Bryan relied predominantly on discussing the exercises from the textbook. He uses the examples contained therein and solicits the response from the class according to what is thought to be the correct answer. Likewise, Mr. O’Bryan gives other examples and asks further questions from the class to determine if they have already clearly understood the lesson or subject matter being discussed. For instance, in the lesson on irregular verbs, Mr. O’Bryan determined if the class understood what the past tense of the verb ‘choose’ is through asking the appropriate question and soliciting the needed response.

Business Research Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Research Skills - Essay Example When an employee stays the longer period of the time in the same company it increases its loyalty to the company and the salary also increases. He also added that the staying in the company for longer period of time can make that employee more and more experienced and suitable for the company. According to the author, there may be more different another determining factor in determining the salary levels of the executive. According to Economou (2011), He also said that there are lots of determinates like social, political and the situational determinants are very important for fixing a salary of the executive. If the organization is earning profit and revenue then the organization can easily think for a growth in the salary after regular interval of time. It has been noticed that if a person stays a longer period of time with the same company can earn more salary. Seniority of an employee is the very important factor for fixing any salary. Level of salary would be determined by the quantum of the responsibilities of that employee. It is quite obvious that the senior employees would have more and more responsibilities than the junior employees. It clearly states that the level of the salary of the senior employee would get more hike as its base is very high. It also supports the analysis done in the task one. The author also argued that as the salary of the senior employees is higher than the lower emp loyee it shows that what the senior employees can earn in the lesser period of time, it would take a more time for a person who is working in the same company. Obviously, the time taken for the company senior officers is less. He also argued that when one employee is working for the longer period of time that person can adapt very well to the company. It also stated that in any organization people with the highest amount of salaries are less in numbers and the number of people with the lowest base of salary.

The Development Of Ideas In Creative Process Of Zaha Hadid Essay

The Development Of Ideas In Creative Process Of Zaha Hadid - Essay Example This was attributed to a split in society into competing social fragments, as well as specialization of knowledge into categories such as painting and architecture, which previously were considered to be in the integral class of arts. Works of architecture are products of art in the form of physical buildings and some other physical infrastructure, and which have cultural significance such as history of civilization. Architecture is hence not just a product distinct from art. It can be argued that architecture is in fact art, but in more physical and tangible forms such as buildings and other infrastructure . In the ancient civilizations, the architectural designs were not just magnificent; they had monumental value that still lingers to date. It can be well argued that ancient architects developed such monumental forms of architecture because they upheld and embraced a much-intertwined connection between art and architecture. Essentially, it was not possible to depict the distinction between architecture and art during the ancient times. A few architects in modern times like Zaha Hadid have fortunately borrowed a leaf from the ancient times, and have recognized and demonstrated a fundamental connection between art and architecture. ... Subsequently in recent times the artistic spirit in architects has caved in, as beauty, environmental and historical significance of building continue to be perceived as aesthetic and an unnecessary consideration. With this shift in priority, architectural articulation of artistic beauty and creativity is rapidly becoming something of the past2. With the current rapid revolution in information technology, the abilities and functions of architects will be able to be accomplished using computers; architects may have to revive the artistic fortitude that will move them beyond designing more than just functional infrastructure, but ornamental as well. However, the contribution of Zaha Hadids in illustrating the possibility of blending architecture and art cannot be emphasized. This paper seeks to prove a review and critical analysis of Zaha Hadids contribution in shaping future the architectural industry and profession. However, art, regardless of recent developments, still forms a spher e from which emerging architectural and technological inventions can be explored. It serves as an incubator for ideas, especially architectural ones, ideas that must be tested and investigated before being subjected to the real life pressures of performance. Art thus provides a platform for experimenting with ideas before they are actualized in real life situations. Every discourse, discipline and practice employs the system of art as a platform to brainstorm and experiment on new ideas. In 2006, Daniel Libeskind opened a new kaleidoscopic wing for Denver Arty museum, and which has been largely regarded as an architectural fantasy. This example reinforced an observation that quite often the architecture of museums stood as the real work of art that overshadowed the pieces of

COP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COP - Essay Example More importantly, COPS serves as the vehicle for the shift of law enforcement from its traditional form to a more proactive form known as community policing, which focuses more on crime prevention by putting police officers on beats where they can mingle and interact more with the members of the communities (Myers, 19). The community partnership component of community policing is an acknowledgment that law enforcers alone cannot prevent crimes, but need the involvement of the community and other stakeholders. Thus, community partnership aims at the â€Å"collaborative partnerships† between the law enforcement agents and members of the community such as the community members and groups, other government agencies, providers of services and non-profit organizations, private businesses and the media. Other government agencies may refer to federal and state legislatures and other law-making bodies, prosecutors, probation and parole boards and officers, public works departments, law enforcement agencies of neighboring communities, health and human services, child support services, ordinance enforcement schools. Community members and groups, on the other hand, refer to the residents within the law enforcer’s area as well as visitors or tourists to that area and commuters, which law enforcers can meet during town hall meetings, neighborhood association meetings and beat assignments. Nonprofit/service providers are those who provide services to the residents and other persons in the area for free, while businesses are those engaged in profit-earning enterprises in the area such as the members of the local chamber of commerce (COPS 2009, pp. 5-6). Partnerships appreciate that the police cannot be able to face crime without the involvement of the public, and it encourages relationships among the different stakeholders to fight crime. Collaborative partnerships between law enforcement agencies, organizations and individuals will increase the levels of trust

Policy and Strategy for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Policy and Strategy for Business - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that Fiorina’s strategy of ‘my way or highway’ has also left the top leadership starkly deficient in senior executive positions. Surely she had fired a lot of people in key positions during her tenure. Robert P. Wayman, the interim-CEO, is not exactly in a position to make business critical decisions and time may be running out for HP. The company lacks the technological edge to compete with its US rivals like the Dell and the IBM, and the Chinese giant Lenovo, in the PC market. The software unit of HP is a non-performer that makes a measly contribution of $122 million to the company’s kitty. The initiative of HP to emerge as a significant player in the software business by acquisition of companies has also backfired. The fact the HP lost money in software, despite the bright results of the industry in general, is a vivid pointer to its slip shod handling of acquisitions. But the most serious threat that HP faces is to its Printe r market from its competitors like Dell. Though the profits of $ 22 from printing division in 2003 was the saving grace of the company, Dell has speeded eating into its pie of low end division of Inkjet printer. Despite the bleak picture, it is only the Printing division that is the proverbial silver lining of the cloud for HP. This paper outlines that tactically the company is moving in the right direction by strengthening it and spending more into its R & D. However, the company needs to make bold decisions to rebuild its investor confidence. The stocks of the company had plunged 8% in the market, which is enough to wake the Board up. And it is the Board alone that can save HP from its obvious dismantling. A few radical decisions, besides the more obvious one of the appointment of a full time chief, need to be made without any more wastage of time. HP needs to shed extra-baggage by disinvesting more the less profitable PC and software divisions and concentrate on printing. This way it will no longer have to defend itself on many fronts.

Rfid at the Metro Group Essay Example for Free

Rfid at the Metro Group Essay The market is mature and continually seeks innovative ideas to enhance competitive advantage -Highly capital intensive -Low to moderate labor intensiveness -Low margin; high volume – they take advantage of economies of scale -Characterized by high volume holding capacity controlled through Information Technology Company Facts Metro Group was Germany’s biggest retailer (250 stores, 10 warehouses, 100 suppliers) that operates globally in 6 divisions: Metro Cash Carry (wholesale), Retail (hypermarkets), Extra (supermarkets), Media Market and Saturn (consumer electronics), Praktiker (building materials), Galeria Kaufhof (department stores) -Metro Group (hereafter, Metro) is the world’s 3rd-largest retailer -Having the capacity to carry large volumes of inventory and have it adequately controlled and managed by cost efficient Information Technology resources Increased company international expansion overseas -Metro is seeking to improve product accessibility: Having products consumers want in locations consumers can find them easily oReducing shrink in the Supply chain oHaving little to no Out of Stock occurrences -Launched the Future Store Initiative in September 2002 to test different initiative aimed at improving all aspects of the customer experience Competitive Environment -Porter’s Five Forces o Supplier Power- Relatively low; products can be procured from many different places at low price. Products have low differentiation oSubstitutes- High threat with established companies such as Walmart, Tesco, and Carrefour in the same industry. Buyer Power- Moderate level of buyer power. Customers are sensitive to prices, brand names and are willing to investigate substitutes oBarriers to Entry- Relatively high- Metro is rather large and established as well as some of its competitors. Need lots of capital, innovative supply chain management strategy will be need to be able to compete. oRivalry- Moderate to high level of rivalry between the competition. Companies are investigating new way to improve product availability and cut costs Strategic Fit or Alignment -Metro’s supplier have not been implementing RFID as Metro would like i. e. Misplaced, low quality tags are a major issue -Metro’s IT subsidiary has aided in improving fit across the 6 independent sale divisions -There is a lack of fit between employees’ training and the mission of management to implement the RFID -Lack of alignment existent within Metro’s leadership as to whether or not RFID should be applied company-wide as the solvent for Metro’s supply chain issues -Hard Conclusions: Metro should develop an even more strategic relationship with its suppliers so that they are cognizant of how to implement RFID and that they maintain a certain level of quality; Metro should also train its employees on how to apply RFID within their tasks; Metro’s highest management should continue to utilize RFID but should also seek to improve its supply chain in the areas suggested by opponents of RFID RFID Facts -RFID contains at least two parts oIntegrated circuit- storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency and other specialized functions oAntenna- receiving and transmitting the signal Used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management -Limited growth and adoption in enterprise supply chain markets due to advanced technology needed to implement it Metro’s Competitive Strategy -Metro is a leader in supply chain innovation through the use of the RFID system. Metro does not want to sacrifice quality over costs for RFID which: oReduces shrink because of great accuracy in inventory location oImproves on-shelf availability and reduces substitute purchases oReduces out-of-stocks by reducing poor store execution oImproves productivity and labor efficiencies by eliminating manual entries and barcode scanning -Strengths (Metro) oMore economies of scale oGlobal recognition and success Moving in a positive direction with innovative technologies.

Chocolate Industry Analysis

Chocolate Industry Analysis Marketing is the process by which customer needs are anticipated and identified. Ways are found of meeting those needs at a price that consumers are prepared to pay and which allows the business to make a profit For launching a new product we use PESTLE or SWOT strategies and let us Consider that we are launching a new chocolate product . Factors that should be consider while launching a new product i.e Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental and the questions we should take under Consideration What are the key political factors likely to affect the chocolate industry? What are the important economic factors of chocolate industry? What are the cultural aspect of chocolate industry? What are the technological innovations ? What current and impending legislation may affect the industry? What are the environmental considerations? Situational Analysis of chocolate industry and market tactics To launch a new chocolate product we must analyze the role of the marketing function in a business, we are going to follow through what might have happened in the marketing of a major new chocolate bar and the major economical , political and technological factors that affects the chocolate industries. 1. Assessing the market The market for chocolate bars is highly competitive. There are a small number of large firms in the industry Mars, Cadbury, Nestlà © and Suchard being the most well known. Many of the brands in the market have been in existence for a long time and have a high amount of brand loyalty. Openings for new products therefore, are limited. There are many examples of products that have been launched and have been withdrawn because they could not sustain long-term sales success. Can you remember the Prize Bar, Aztec and Junglies? The market for certain types of chocolate bar has changed in recent years. The growth of the so called count-line bar (shaped like Mars bars) became popular as people ate chocolate on the go as opposed to sitting down in a room with a traditional bar of chocolate. Companies had to respond to these changes. Row tree (now owned by Nestlà ©) changed the shape of their Aero bar and Cadbury brought out a rival bar called Wispa. Both of these were designed to exploit this growing market. The market is still changing but using chocolate as a snack as opposed to sharing a bar amongst a family. Giving a chocolate bar as a gift is still a growing part of that market. The UK chocolate market is the biggest in all European market. People in the United Kingdom consume more chocolate than any other Country in Europe. Mintel said the UK consumed 3.5 billion pounds ($5.6 billion) worth of chocolate in 2008, more than any other European country, with only Germany, which has more than 20 million more people, coming close at 3.4 billion pounds Some of the famous brands are Mars (http://www.mars.com/) Cadbury Schweppes (http://www.cadburyschweppes.com/EN/Brands/) Nestlà © (http://www.nestle.co.uk/) Suchard (http://www.kraftafh.co.uk/Cultures/en-GB/Brands/Suchard/) Amul Chocolate Boost Club Mint In December 2009,the market research company, showed Cadburys chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year. Market share of Mars, its biggest rival, slipped 0.6 per cent in the period. Kraft, which makes Milka and Toblerone, increased its market share by 0.7 per cent to 5 per cent, while Nestlà © raised its share 1.2 per cent to 20.4 per cent of the market.. The market research firm estimated the British chocolate market would be worth 4.4 billion pounds by 2013 2. Identifying a gap in the market Once the market has been analyzed, it might become clear that there is a gap in the market. What this means is that, there is an identifiable customer need that is not currently being met by an existing product. It could also be where a rival might have a presence and where the company concerned believes it could offer a competitive alternative. Market research, which in many cases is on-going, will have given the business some idea of the nature of the market and the extent of the possible market. It may be that further research is used to target particular market segments that the business feels will be the ones most likely to purchase this product and what it is they want out of the product. Much of this will be used to inform the marketing mix. 3. Developing the product Quite often businesses in this particular industry want to develop a brand personality. What this means is that they will want consumers to associate something specific with the product. KitKat for example, is associated with a break, making it the perfect accompaniment to a cup of tea or coffee. The personality of the product will be in line with the market research and analysis carried out. The ingredients, the look of the product, its texture when eaten, its name and packaging, and how it will be promoted will all be key factors that will be informed by the development of the brand personality. A very good example of this process is the development of Yorkie. Yorkie was developed as a contribution to the count-line bar market. It aimed to use the concept of a chunky chocolate bar but in a different format to allow it to be eaten on the go. The key thing to emphasise was the chunky nature of the chocolate,and to do that Rowntree developed its early marketing around the length of time it would last and it being an ideal accompaniment for long journeys. The trucker image stuck and gave the bar a masculine personality. In recent years, this has been exploited with a deliberate campaign suggesting that it is so chunky it is not for girls for! 4. Product testing Once these stages are gone through, the product is likely to have to be tested. People may be given choices of different names or different packaging prototypes to see what consumer reaction are. It may be that this type of problem has been resolved at an earlier stage, in which case more substantial user testing may be used by virtue of a test-market. This may be a selected region of the country where there is a profile of users that is representative of the country as a whole. Using test markets gives relatively accurate feedback but is also much cheaper than a national launch, which might not see the product doing as well as anticipated. Remember that to feed a market, the capital investment has to be there to back it up. If the test market showed that the product was going to be very popular, the business would have to ensure that sufficient capacity was available prior to a national launch. You would certainly not want to have a product launched and people not be able to get hold of it! Image: User testing is an important aspect of marketing strategy it gives a good idea of the likely market reaction without incurring the costs of a national launch. Media and marketing implementation Most often than not but, It is very difficult to convince a customer to buy a certain product if they do not understand the product. We need to make a strategy for marketing new product in the market so that we can achieve our target. Without a bullet proof plan to attract customers, your efforts will most likely be inefficient. we should ensure that Businesses should focus what a customer needs and what he is looking in the product .so that we can make a long term profitable customer relationship . This means that you need a plane to know customer more closely in a flexible way so that whenever need we can change our product according to our customers perceptions and demand. On the other hand, your marketing scheme should be focused on identifying and communicating the benefits of your business is offering to its target market. You will then need to monitor and maintain its effectiveness. Advertising new products Market part is an essential factor for a successful marketing strategy and if we are able to recognized the different market areas that allows a business to make fruitful and more efficient decisions in regard to advertising new quality products. This is the lock pick to understanding the different kind of needs of different types of customers. Once you have divide your market in different categorizes, you will then be able to formulate marketing activities that will ensure your targeted audience to know about the products or services you are offering and why they need them in their lives. We can achieved this through the various kind of advertising, since customer knowns what they want exactly want and motivate them,. You must have to hit your targeted audience to feel like that they must need to purchase whatever it is you are offering is the best product in the market. So that they buy our product and increase our sales How to launch new product and their strategies Gigantic changes are going on in the world and marketing strategies are no exemptions to that. Businesses should think outside the box. Observe who is doing better and try to imitate them or better yet, outwit them. It will greatly benefit your company to do market research in order to determine your potential market and make changes to your current marketing strategy. This is mainly done to draw uninterested customers to at least give your business a try. Your new product launch should make enough noise to ensure that it will remain in customers memories and entice them to really try it. With the various media available today, you can maximize your visibility by not limiting your business to one media. You can turn your company around by doing a major brand makeover. If there are not a lot of people who are buying your product or service, then perhaps its because they literally do not see you. This is not a time when businesses are allowed to sober down on marketing techniques, just because the economy is going down. Once the economy gets back on track chances are, people will no longer remember those that were not visible in the market during this time. You have to make your business a household name so people will remember you long after this global recession is over. We can use Marketing mix (4ps)strategy to launch our final product Marketing Mix (4ps ) Introduction The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the need of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other Marketing Mix Price Products Promotion Place Target Market Pricing mix Strategy It is one of the most important part of the marketing mix strategies. Pricing is a mix which generates a revenue for an organization. The remaining 3ps strategies are the output for the organization . We know that it costs to produce and design a product, promote a product and also to distribute it. Pricing is very difficult and must reflect supply, demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low, could mean loss of sales for the organization. The following factors should be taken into account: Objectives of the Company Fixed and variable costs of the product Target the group and their willingness to pay Competition with leading organization Proposed Positioning strategies An organization can adopt different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are based on what g the goal the organization has set itself to archive Penetration Pricing We can set a low price to our product to increase the market shares and sales of the products is called penetrating pricing Skimming Pricing When the company sets higher price of the product initally and then drop down the price to make the product available in the widerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The objectives is to skim profits of market layer bye layer,this strategy is popular within the games console industry Competition Pricing . setting a price in comparison with competitions . a firm has three options, pricing lower, pricing the same or pricing the higher Product line pricing Pricing different products within the same product range at different price points. An example would be DVD recorders with different features and different prices.The greater the features and the benefits obtained the greater the consumer will pay. The form of pricing discrimination assists the company in maximizing turnover and profits Bundle Pricing The organization bundles a group of products at a reduced price , this pricing strategy is popular with supermarkets Psychological pricing The seller will consider the psychology of price and the positioning of price within the market place. The seller will therefore charge 99p instead of 1 pound or 199 $ instead of 200$ Premium pricing The price set is high to reflect the exclusiveness of the product . An example of product using this strategy would be Harrods , first class airline services. Porsche etc Optional pricing The organization sells optional extras along with the product to maxmise within the car sidustry Product strategy The marketing mix consist of product, pricing, place and promotion strategies that a firm uses to help them reach their objectives The marketing min principels are controllable variable which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other. When an organization introduces a product into a market,they must ask themselves a number of questions: Who is the product aimed at ? What benefit will they expect? How do they plan to position the product within the market? What differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors? Philip Kotle suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels Level 1:Core product . what is the core benefit your product offers?. Customers who purchase a camera are buying more than just a camera they are purchasing memories. Level 2: Actual production: all cameras capture memories . the aim is to ensure that your potential customers purchase your one. The strategy at this level involves organizations branching , adding features and benefits to ensure that their product offers a differential advantage from their competitors Level 3 : Argument product: What additional non-tangible benefits can you offers? Competition at the level is based around after sales service, warranties, delivery . A retail departmental store that offers a free five year gurrantee on purchase of their television sets gives their customers the additional benefits of peace of mind over five years should the purchase develop a fault. Total production concept Argument production Total production core production Product strategy Product decision Branding Quality Features Benefits offered Product Decisions When placing a product within a market many factors and decision have to be taken into consideration. These include: Product- Will the designe be the selling point for the organization . Product quality: Quality has to consistent with other elements of the marketing mix .A high quality product maybe reflected in the price Branding: in principles of marketing , By Philip Kotler and gary Armstrong a brand is defined as a name .term, sign symbol or a combination of these , that identifies the market or seller of the product, A brand must stand out and be recognizable, and should help the firm differentitate itself from its competitors Product features: Additional features should increae the benefit offered to you r target market. The firm may decide to change more for these additional features. Place Strategy The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support eachother. Strategies of distribution ? Two types of distribution strategies are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing your product by using of an intermediary for example a manufacturing selling to a wholesaler and then on to the retailer. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturing to the consumer. For example we can use direct selling like dell computers. To sell the product directly to its target customers will provide us more benefits. The advantage of direct distribution is that it gives a manufacturing complete control over their product. Place strategies Manufacturer Consumer Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Direct Distribution Indirect Distribution Depending on the type of product being distributed there are three common distribution strategies available Intensive distribution: Used commonly to distribute low priced or impulse purchase products For example Chocolates, soft drinks. Exclusive Distribution: involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. The product is usually highly priced, and requires the intermediary to place much details in its sell. Promotion strategy A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a product or service can be communicated clearly to target market An organization promotional mix can consist of: Advertising Sales promotion Public relations Direct Mail Personal selling Internet promotion Public relations: This involves developing positive relationship with the organization media public . The art of good public relation in not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media , but it is also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention Sales promotion : Commonly used to obtain an increase in sles short terms. Could involve using money off coupons or special offers, loyality cards, coupons , Price promotions for example BOGOF, point of sales ,Packaging promotion or web coupons Personal Selling: One to one selling is called personal selling. This can either be done face to face or we can use other media of direct selling like phone or internet Direct Mail: is the sending of publicity material to a named person within an organization. The aim of direct marketing is to creat one to one relationship with the organization target market. Direct marketing can come in the form of post, email, telephone calls and mail order. The company usually contracts a named person at the address. Internet Marketing : The use of the world wide web(www) for the promotion of product or services. This could be the firm advertising via the use of banner ads, flash videos, or google kewords. 5. After all the analysis we can launch our chocolate bar. The significant amount of money is required to develop a new product and this money can be larger to develop new product, and the hope is that once we launched the product, the product will begin to start to get back some of that investment. At the first stage, the product will need further expenditure to support it and make sure that customers know about it. For chocolate bars, the secret is to get people trying it, but to follow that up by buying it again and again and again for many years. In other words, repeat purchases are essential in a fast-moving consumer goods market. During this early stage, managing the cash flow of the product will be important. This will mean balancing the returns of the product from sales with the on-going costs of production and marketing. If these get out of balance, the future of the product will be called into question and it may be worthwhile pulling the product before any further costs are incurred and cutting your losses. To manage the launch and development of a product, therefore, marketing tactics will really come to the fore. It will be important to keep a close link with consumers to find out what they think and also to keep the brand in their horizon amongst the competition. Sometimes this might be something simple like getting your product displayed prominently in shops so that impulse buyers select your product or customers are drawn to your product at the expense of rivals. This in turn will mean having sales people with good relationships with retailers. Finally, maintaining cash flows in the short term will also be determined by the success of the advertising and promotional campaigns that are developed. Does the firm go for traditional TV ads along with ads in magazines and billboards or does it go for more guerrilla marketing techniques to raise awareness? Should it have an online presence many branded products have Web sites of their own, for example? http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article6959667.ece http://www.coursework.info/University/Business_and_Administrative_studies/Marketing/PESTLE_ANALYSIS_and_5_FORCES_ANALYSIS_-_L95526.html http://www.brand-new-advertising.com/ http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/business/marketing/lesson/tactics1.htm END HERE

Amelia Earhart Essays -- essays research papers

Perhaps no name is as symbolic of aerospace achievement as the American aviator Amelia Earhart. She became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air and the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone. She was also the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross. Her accomplishments as a pilot set standards for all fliers for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amelia Mary Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897. She referred to herself as â€Å"AE†. She served during World War I as a military nurse in Canada, where she developed an interest in flying. She pursued her interest in flying in California, where she received her pilot’s license in 1922. After receiving her pilot’s license, Amelia spent several years as a teacher and social worker at Dennison House, in Boston. While she was doing this she continued her association with aviation by entering numerous flying meets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amelia became obsessed with flying. She spent a lot of solo flying time in The Canary. She set a women’s altitude record in October 1922 by flying The Canary to 14,000 feet. Ruth Nichols broke the record a few weeks later, but the effort is what started Earhart’s fame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1928, Earhart was asked to join Wilmer Stultz, a pilot, and Lou Gordon, a flight mechanic, as a passenger on a trans-Atlantic flight, called The Friendship. The flight went from Trepassy Bay, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales a distan...

The Importance of Cultural Diversity Within Organizations Essay

When discussion is raised in relation to diversity, society talks about the group who possess individual qualities that are diverse from other individual’s traits. Diversity is the uniqueness, which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes various individuals, by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feels integrated within the organization. Cultural diversity means acknowledging that other people, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world; we need to consider everyone as one human race. Instilling cultural diversity practices within the organization begins with structure that produces benefits, and then is proven through success stories of organizations that have implemented diverse practices. The concept of cultural diversity helps in a significant way for success of organizations. Through the structure of the organization, individual’s can see that a multicultural structure has many benefits compared to limited structures. The organization will be more successful through their overall structure. According to Taylor Cox, there are three organization types, which focus on the development of cultural diversity. The three organization types are, the monolithic organization, the plural organization, and the multicultural organization. In the monolithic organization, the amount of structural integration (the presence of persons from different cultural ... ...ups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Proctor and Gamble. (2011). Company: Who We Are. Retrieved 2011-5-February from Proctor and Gamble: http://www.pg.com/en_CA/company/who_we_are/diversity.shtml Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist , 149-152. Rosenzweig, P. (1998). Managing the New Global Workforce:: Fostering Diversity, Forging Consistency. European Management Journal , 16 (6), 644-652. Schein, E. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2010-22- October). Cultural Diversity. Retrieved 2011-5-February from UNESCO - Culture: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php- URL_ID=34321&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

Quest for Identity in The Life of Galileo by Brecht Essay -- The Life

Quest for Identity in The Life of Galileo by Brecht Throughout the course of history, from era to era, mankind has been on a continuous attempt to perpetuate what they perceive as the truth; and in doing so, embark on a quest to find their true identity and place in life. One must realize that the common theme in all literature is the search for identity and belonging. Bertolt Brecht, author of "The Life of Galileo," effectively uses the developing character Galileo Galilei to portray a strong message; a message which five hundred years after the fact has still not been completely comprehended. Through Galileo's continuous battle with the Church in prevailing his work, Brecht is telling the readers that in any one man's attempt to propagate the truth, whether it be in terms of literature, discoveries or new technologies, there is always an opposing power to suppress this new found truth. In doing so, it is through such opposing power against the search for truth which suppress our ability to think. In a sincere attempt to elimina te the common generalization that "Science is the devil", Brecht uses Galileo's external struggles such as those with the church. The writer also uses his personal internal struggles as a basis for developing Galileo's character to inform readers of the common yet false misconception of Science and the truth. In many instances throughout the course of this play, "The Life of Galileo", Brecht is found to use Galileo's struggles with the church and the public as one of the vital backbones of his message. It is quite apparent that Galileo is fighting a battle with the church throughout the play to further spread his findings to enlighten citizens about the scientific truth of the universe beyond ficticious traditional religious values. The church, which served the purpose of the the governments in Italy at that time (around 1600's), consists of the popes and the Italian Renaissance. Drawn from the nobility, the Italian Renaissance are ruthless politicians whose central goal is the expansion of their political power. In an understandable sense, Galileo's new findings and teachings pose a serious and susceptible threat to the government's (church's) scheme of expansion and power. The church fears the lack of strength in the people's belief in religion because the fundamental structure of religion is the people themselves. ... ...t science is not merely a group of 'inventive dwarfs'. Instead, science is a way of life. The book of discourses (dealing with the laws of motion), that was published after Galileo's recantation, represents a way in which Galileo can contemplate for his unethical and immoral acts by generating knowledge to the public. Although Galileo reassures the making of science by making the book of discourses, nothing can ever bring compensation to the harm which he brought on humanity and the way in which he destroyed the meaning of sacrifice. Through Galileo's quest for identity, Brecht is once again sending us a strong message; to think that even a character as strong and sure as Galileo can be altered and changed for the worst, really leaves the readers pondering on one thought; in the journey of prevailing the truth, there will always be an opposing structure that will pose an adversary. One must learn from Galileo's life that sacrifice in the way of progression of a society should be recognized and encouraged; Galileo might have failed to show the meaning of sacrifice, but he taught us to think, take risks and understand the true significance of science.

Cigarette Oligopoly

Cigarette Oligopoly Market Chayleen Marquis Benedictine University Author Note This research is being submitted on May 2, 2010, for Professor Raymond Bell’s MBA 611 course at Benedictine University by Chayleen Marquis. The cigarette market is one that is known to everyone. From magazine advertisements to constructive commercials people have been exposed to this market starting at a young age. The constant visuals of the advertisements as well as the free advertising that occurs daily with people smoking outside their office, in their car, and outside the night life scene the cigarette market has a benefit of using the free advertising as a benefit to their company at no cost. The cigarette market is a clear example of an oligopoly market because it is mostly run by a few large firms such as Philip Morris USA, Commonwealth Inc, Lorillard Inc and Reynolds American Inc. Due to the fact that an oligopoly market is hard to not only come into but also basically controlled by these large firms any new competitor is going to have a difficult time entering this market, being profitable in comparison to these firms and really having any type of say in the price or the output. A benefit of being an oligopoly is the fact that the prices are not determined for them but the larger firms more or less make the prices in reflection of the coordination amongst each other. Essentially the large firms come together and decide what price they would like to see and then all of the cigarettes cost the same amount across the board. Of course one concern that oligopoly’s must make sure that they are not be involved with is price fixing. Price fixing is when the competitors of a market fix the product price to avoid competition within their market, while at the same time not being fair to the consumers of the product in regards to the price. The price fixing does not always happen between the competitors but it also can be a factor between manufacturers and distributors. So as an oligopoly the firms must ensure that the price fixing is not occurring at any levels of their production. Most people look at an oligopoly market and think that they act as a monopoly because the main firms completely control the market. However in an oligopoly the main firms each have a distinguished product brand that sets them apart from their competitor even f it is in the smallest difference. These brands allow each firm to stake claim on consumers in a memorable way to keep consumers coming back for more. In reference to the cigarette oligopoly most consumers have smoke Marlboro’s from the beginning of their smoking career and have never strayed from the product that they know. In an oligopoly market if one firm drops their prices another firm is more likely to drop their prices as well to not only stay competitive but to also retai n their market share. However if a firm were to increase their prices the other competing firm will not like raise their prices obviously to try and maintain as well as try to increase their market share. Price increasing is not something that occurs often in an oligopoly market which in turn makes the market inelastic in regards to price change. The use of the game theory is commonly used in oligopoly markets such as the cigarette industry. Making moves in the market without fully knowing how your competitors are going to respond and knowing that if one move that is made can definitely benefit all firms is a tough task to attempt. Making a decision that could help out the companies is not always going to be perceived by the other companies and can back fire on the company who makes the initial decision which in turn would leave them more than likely with a net loss. In the cigarette oligopoly market I see promotion as a game theory used between the competing firms. Many different events are held and it seems that the cigarette firms are there to give away free samples of their new products, free t-shirts and of course creating a bond with the consumer which makes them stay a loyal customer and even gets some consumers to switch products. An example would be from Camel cigarettes to Marlboro cigarettes. As mentioned before advertisement is something that drives the cigarette oligopoly. With the promotions being such a market to get more and more people daily to advertise freely for the company cigarette firms use every opportunity to do so. Primarily during these promotion periods the cigarette companies will use the foot traffic to do the free advertising for them. This is an extremely smart move because in reality who does not want a free t-shirt. The competing firms do not know when competition is always having a promotion such as the ones mentioned above and could see a decrease in sales during a competitor’s promotion or even right after one. Another example of the game theory used in the cigarette oligopoly market is when purchasing a regular firm product giving out a free ull size sample of a new product to get consumers to try it, which then leads to the consumer not having to purchase their product for a longer period of time. In the cigarette industry I believe that profit has been maximized. There are not a lot of changes that can keep occurring in this industry that can great greater profits than the ones occurring right now. There is only so much change that the cigarette market can endure and change that I believe the market has no new product line to go to. The cigarette market is such an intricate market with a product that has been sold the same way for years and year’s people don’t want it to change. The only profit the cigarette industry is going to see is when prices rise slowly due to inflation. Other than taxes being enforced by states and the federal government the price for a pack of cigarettes is not going to change drastically by any firm in caution of losing its market share. The competition in the cigarette market is beneficial to the consumers because of the promotions they provide with all of the free merchandise. Unlike other oligopolies the cigarette market is not elastic so price changes that would occur in other oligopoly markets that affect the consumer don’t not occur in the cigarette market. Competition in other oligopoly markets can directly negatively affect the consumer but because the cigarette market is a market that change rarely happens, prices are the same regardless the brand the competition is a benefit. In conclusion the cigarette market oligopoly market is a pretty stable very profitable market that has proven to stand the test of time, anti-smokers protests and even recessions. This market has a proven track record and has no intent to go anywhere. With the ability to use consumers for free advertising this market has saved money in the marketing department which usually helps fight law suits but still keeps its consumers coming back for more each week. The amount for a pack of cigarettes today is between four and five dollars and for the amount of smokers that casually smoke to the addicted smokers who go through a pack a day the cigarette market is not going anywhere and profits they are seeing are simply astounding. References Thomas, C. R. , & Maurice, S. C. (2008). Managerial Economics (9th ed. ). New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Irwin. Market Information-Philip Morris USA. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www. pmusa. com/ed/ cms/Company/Market_Information/default. aspx

International Business Strategy Hill

International Business Strategy FALL 2010 Course Outline 1. motivation and description of the course Companies today confront an increasing array of choices regarding markets, locations for key activities, outsourcing and ownership modes, and organization and processes for managing across international borders. This course focuses on the international dimensions of strategy and organization, and provides a framework for formulating strategies in an increasingly complex world. The goal of this course is to provide the foundations for taking effective action in the multi-faceted world of international business. 2. ourse structure The structure of this course follows a logical sequence where first the international environment is analysed in relation to the international strategies of firms. Next, we study the optimal scope of the firm across geographic markets, and whether a firm should diversify – or expand its scope across different geographic markets. Such a scope economy can either be demand side, when the firm can replicate a strategy that works well domestically in a country that was previously missing that product or service, or supply side, when a firm seeks to exploit a valuable resource from within a new market. In the first case, a firm arbitrages a product or a strategic capability into a new market whereas, in the second case, it arbitrages the factor cost advantage of a new market. We will also see that in order for the firm to extend the scope of activities under its own management to a foreign country, there has to be some market failure present preventing that firm from simply licensing or selling its valuable resource to an indigenous firm – or buy it from an indigenous firm in the case of supply-side scope economies. As most cross-border expansion of significance currently occurs through M&A or alliances, we look at the particular hallenges such operations entail for the firm. Finally, we examine how the off-shoring of activities may help firms to better compete in the global economy. Method The course proceeds through a combination of lectures, readings, and making use of the case method. You should have completed the set readings prior to a class and be prepared to answer t he case questions in class. This means that you should have read the assigned case for a class and be prepared to answer the questions on that case. Some classes have Optional Readings, which are simply listed in case you have particular interest in reading further on a topic. Case analysis involves an enhanced role for class discussion, supplemented by lecture material. Generally, the goal of class discussion is to arrive at a collective analysis of the issues presented by the materials. Analysis of international strategy issues is not accomplished through the routine application of formulas, but rather through reasoned analysis under conditions of limited information, uncertainty, by individuals and groups from different backgrounds and with particular schemas and ways and structures of organizing knowledge. With a case, you should be able to identify the key issues, problems, and opportunities facing the central protagonists, to articulate and evaluate alternative approaches to tackling the problems, and to describe the course of action that you recommend and the reasons for your recommendation. Case selection criteria in part includes variation across contexts and you should be able to port and apply the frameworks, concepts and tools from one case, context and part of the course to another. Course Readings The principal textbook for the Course is: Hill, Charles W. L. 2011. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. NY: McGraw-Hill International Edition (Eighth Edition). Readings from this textbook are supplemented by cases and other readings. 3. assessment Individual grades for this course have two components: – Class attendance + assignments(25%) – Written exam (75%) 4. course overview and materials 27 September Introduction and course structure Globalization and regional integration Learning Objectives: †¢ Explain the phenomenon of globalization; Explain why managers today need a global perspective; †¢ Describe the effects of globalization on markets and production; †¢ Explain how technology and innovation support globalization; †¢ Globalization versus regional economic integration; †¢ Business strategies and regional integration. Reading: Hill, Chapter 1. Globalization Chapter 8. Regional Economic Integration. Optional Reading: P. Dicken. 2007. Global Shift mapping th e changing contours of the World economy, 5th edition, London: Sage Publications. October What makes countries and regions different? The role of culture, institutions and political and economic systems. Learning Objectives: †¢ Identify the business and economic implications of differences in culture; †¢ Understand differences in political and economic systems of countries; †¢ Discuss the role of public policies in relation to the competitiveness of a country; †¢ Explain how indicators of a country’s competitiveness can help firms decide where to locate production activities. Reading: Hill, Chapter 2: National Differences in Political Economy. Chapter 3: Differences in Culture. Optional Reading: E. Thompson, National Competitiveness: A Question of Cost Conditions or Institutional Circumstances, British Journal of Management, Vol. 15, 197–218 (2004). 11 October International trade theory, foreign direct investment and competitiveness Learning Objectives: †¢ Explain the evolution of different trade theories; Discuss the relevance of the New trade theory and Porters diamond; †¢ Discuss the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world economy, and the changing patterns of FDI over time; †¢ Present different theories that explain why a company would undertake an acquisition rather than a Greenfield investment; †¢ Explain horizontal FDI, and suggest the conditions under which it may be most applicable; †¢ Explain vertical FDI, and suggest the conditions under which it may be most applicable. Reading: Hill, Ch. 5, In ternational Trade Theory, Ch. 6. The Political Economy of International Trade Ch. 7. Foreign Direct Investment . Optional Reading: Dunning, John. 2009. Location and the multinational enterprise: A neglected factor? (+ Comments). Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, No. 1, 5-41 The Global Competitiveness Report, 2010-2011, World Economic Forum, Geneva 18 October Successful FDI promotion: how regions seek to influence corporate FDI For corporate FDI to be successful, it should pre-empt or be aligned with the FDI priorities of the host country and region. International businesses cannot achieve durable advantages if it is out of sync with the aspirations of policy makers in the ‘go-to’ locations. Hence executives should seek to understand such aspirations and the related strategies. This module explores how policy makers seek to make their constituencies more attractive for FDI. It addresses the challenges that both National Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) and Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) face to develop successful strategies and to see these through to implementation. In this context, the module will cover both the offer that IPAs and RDAs can provide to corporate FDI decision makers, as well as the delivery thereof. Real life examples will be used to understand what works and what doesn’t work today – both for mature economies (e. g. Western Europe), transforming economies (e. g. Central Europe) and emerging economies (e. g. Asia). Learning Objectives: †¢ Understand the prevailing economic development concepts and FDI promotion strategies; †¢ Explore the pro’s and con’s of the strategies; †¢ Understand the prevailing incentive schemes that regions use to attract corporate FDI; Understand the EU’s policies towards incentives; †¢ Distil common guidelines for policy makers; †¢ Understand what corporations can and should do to capitalize on local economic; development concepts and FDI promotion strategies. Optional Reading: Michael E. Porter, 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press 25 October The Strategy of International Business: Creating value from internationalisation Learning Objectives: †¢ Understand how internationalisation can create value; †¢ Measure the contribution of an internationalisation strategy; †¢ Assess the business model of the firm in an international context. Discuss how firms should handle the complex international environment; †¢ Suggest the reasons why firms may decide to enter international business, and identify the benefits from international strategies; Case: CEMEX Reading: Hill, Ch. 12, The Strategy of International Business, pp 419- 447 Extra note: â€Å"The value of a global strategy: the ADDING framework†. Extra note: â€Å"Adapting the business model to international markets†. Discussion Questions: 1) What benefits have CEMEX and the other global competitors in cement derived from globalization? Use the ADDING framework in answering this question. 2) What explains the better than average performance of CEMEX? How does this relate to industry specific factors and the competition within the industry? 3) What makes CEMEX’s internationalization process so effective? What procedures and techniques are used? 4) In what other countries could CEMEX profitably expand its business? What are important factors to be considered for entering new markets. 1 November Holiday 8 November The Strategy of International Business: Design and implementation Learning Objectives: †¢ Outline the basic strategies undertaken by MNEs, and specifically focus on how they relate to the needs for local responsiveness and cost minimization; †¢ What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a global strategy? †¢ Discuss how firms should handle the complex international environment. Reading: Ghemawat ,P. â€Å"redefining Global Strategy, Chrossing Borders in a World Where Differences Matter†, Harvard Business School press, Cambridge, MA, 2007. Chapter 3 – Global Value Creation. Case: BRL Hardy Discussion Questions: ) What are the driving forces behind BRL Hardy to become a global company? 2) What is the source of tension between Stephen Davies and Christopher Carson? How effectively has Steve Millar handled the differences? 3) Should Millar approve Carson’s proposal to launch D’istinto? Why or why not? 4) What recommendations would you make to the organization concerning the conflicting proposals for Ke lly’s revenge and Banrock Station? What would you decide to do as Carson? As Millar? 15 November The Organization of International Business: Organizational architecture of the International firm. Learning Objectives: Identify the different kinds of organizational structures and internal control mechanisms that international businesses can use to manage global operations; †¢ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized decision systems; †¢ Present the basic types of organizational forms that multinational firms use; †¢ Describe the control systems and integrating mechanisms available to multinational firms; †¢ Show how the organizational architecture, control systems, integrating systems, and decision making choices multinational firms have available must be consistent with their strategy and industry environment. Case: BRL Hardy Reading: Hill, chapter 13, The Organization of International Business, pp 449-484. Optional Reading: Verbeke, Alain, Kenworthy,. Thomas. 2008 . Multidivisional vs metanational governance of the multinational enterprise, Journal of International Business Studies, 39( 6) : 940-956 22 November Growing internationally to become a world leader. The case of AB InBev. Invited lecture by Mr. Beni Roos, former executive director Interbrew 29 November Entering foreign markets Learning Objectives: †¢ Present the advantages and disadvantages of six different modes of entering new countries and markets; †¢ Bring together the issues of FDI theory and the issues of strategy and organization to better understand why different firms may make different decisions regarding the best modes of entry; Case: Lincoln Electric Reading: Hill, chapter 14, Entry Strategy and Strategic Alliances, pp. 487-518 Optional Reading: Kim, W. Cha, Hwang, peter. 1992. Global Strategy and Multinationals’ entry mode, Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 29-53. Discussion Questions: 1. Put yourself in CEO John Stropki's shoes. Should Lincoln Electric expand into India by investing in a major production facility there? 2. If you were to expand into India, would you enter through acquisition, a greenfield site, or some type of joint venture? Which factors would inform your decision among these entry mode choices? 3. In which countries is Lincoln Electric likely to be most successful or least successful? Why? How would this guide your own choice of where to place Lincoln Electric's production facilities abroad? 4. When Lincoln Electric goes to India and other countries, what factors should determine how much it adapts its core incentive pay-for-performance management practices to local labour market norms? Should Lincoln Electric follow the adage â€Å"when in Rome, do as the Romans do,† or should it seek to always replicate the recipe behind its success in the home plant in Cleveland? 6 December Cross-Border Arbitrage and Outsourcing Learning Objectives: Understand cost, resource, and market-based advantages of on-shore, near-shore and off-shore locations and their implications for â€Å"roles† of operating units, and how to exploit differences across countries to directly create value; †¢ Present the phenomenon of outsourcing jobs from â€Å"advanced nations,† such as the United States or Western Europe; †¢ Understand that while much attention is paid to t he economic differences across countries – such as through offshoring and outsourcing – there may be important arbitrage differences based on cultural, administrative, and geographic differences. Reading: Hill, chapter 16, Global Production, Outsourcing and Logistics, pp 562-586 Optional Reading: Ferdows, Kasra, 1997. Making the most of foreign factories. Harvard Business Review (March): 73-88. AT Kearney, 2009. The shifting geography of offshoring Lewin, Arie Y. e. a. , 2009. Getting Serious About Offshoring in a Struggling Economy, Shared Services News (February): 19-23 Discussion Questions: 1) What are corporate risks associated with outsourcing, and what can be done to mitigate these risks? 2) Are wage arbitration based outsourcing tactics soon to become redundant as result of global wage cost escalations? 3 December Setting up international strategic alliances Learning Objectives: †¢ Discuss the role of strategic alliances, their advantages and disadvantages, †¢ Highlight the factors critical to making alliances work Reading: Hill, chapter 14, Entry, Strategy and Strategic alliances, pp 487-518 Optional Reading: Reuer, Jeffrey. (2004). Strategic alliances: Theo ry and evidence. New York: Oxford University Press. Case: Lasserre, P. ; Flament, A. ; Fujimura, S. ; Nilles, P. , Renault and Nissan – A marriage of reason. INSEAD (2001) 20 December Review session

Spite Analytical Summarry

Taylor Wiemken Instructor Spaulding English 110. 02 January 17, 2010 Emotional Logic The family in the essay â€Å"Spite,† by Anne Trumbore, fights through the adversity of having a mother with multiple sclerosis. As the reader starts to delve into the meanings behind the words, it shows there is more of a mental quarrel going on between the family members. â€Å"Spite† expresses the battle between the logical and emotional aspects of the human that begin to coincide with each other as conflicts and complex situations arise.The repetition of logical ideas and conversations throughout â€Å"Spite† shows the importance Anne Trumbore places on having a logical perspective during adverse situations. Anne says, â€Å"The facts are indisputable. †(1). The word â€Å"facts† and â€Å"Three ribs, weakened by twelve years of steroids, snapped on impact. †(1) emphasizes the exact recounting of the moment her mom fell in the shower. It helps represent t hat even in a dire situation, Anne places the logic of the negativity she receives from her mother over the emotional response of rescuing her from the scalding water. She recounts how her mother would call her a fat ass.Instead of an emotional response of displeasure such as crying, she takes time to analyze her body characteristics and concludes that her ass is fat compared to the rest of her body. Anne sees that the facts simply state that helping her would be counterproductive to exceeding the expectations of the class by solving the equation. The constant changing between the equation and her mother screaming brings up the question of whether logic is stronger than the emotional appeal to help. The satisfaction of solving the equation involves a greater sense of accomplishment than helping her naked, screaming mother out of the shower.Contemplating Anne’s actions shows how the mind can categorize an emotional situation into a logical equation of finding the greatest bene fit. The logic placed throughout the essay, â€Å"Spite†, infers that Anne’s emphasis on facts, as developed throughout her childhood, is important to her understanding of real life situations. The use of emotional feelings and actions between the mother and daughter in â€Å"Spite† constructs the difference between their conflicting reactions. The instant reaction of screaming by the mother as she fell in the scalding water is what most people under duress would do.The expected response of Anne would be to help her mother in need, but her unordinary perception of not caring and brushing off the instance seems to paint her as a cold, selfish person. The shaving of Anne’s head also evokes emotions of Anne being so inadequate that her mother doesn’t seem to care about her appearance. Her mother’s emotional response of â€Å"She’s not a boy. It’s a pixie cut. †(3) seems to contradict her action of shaving Anne’s head . Anne’s mother’s words are defending her daughter’s female identity but her actions of shaving Anne’s head are considered masculine.Anne develops the story for the reader by explaining situations that would seem unordinary and then recounting past events that have changed her emotional capacity to not feel sorry for her mother. The essay, â€Å"Spite†, develops the mother’s emotions of fighting multiple sclerosis with the logical ideas of Anne’s decision-making during difficult circumstances. The use of Anne’s mother’s emotional responses with the logical decisions Anne contemplates in her head, helps the reader see the inner battle between the two, and how they relate to Anne’s decision-making as the essay progresses.

Administrative Law – Paper

Administrative law simply means that the branch of public law which deals with the organization and powers of administrative and quasi administrative agencies and prescribes the principles and rules by which an official action is reached and reviewed in relation to individual liberty and freedom. Technically, from the definition it is clear to state that administrative law is bound and founded to determine the legality of the government action, the nature and scope of the powers conferred to the government official through checking abuse of administrative power.Meanwhile, the study of administrative law can be explained in broader after pondering the red light and green light theories, in which the red light theory views primarily that objective of administrative law is to consider the law and control the state power and desires to minimize the encroachments of the state on the rights of individual whereby this is monitored and controlled by judiciary.In connection to that, Green the ory relies much in operation of the state in the sense that it allows the intervention of the state in larger public interest ensuring right of citizen and well being of society as whole and this can be achieved through freedom of information, active involvement, positive deliberation, effective consultation and other similar action at the level of administration. In the same vein, the issue raised, if the means are not trustworthy, how the end could be?Just or unjust. In the light of the control mechanism discussion hereunder is considering intensively how far the means which are not trustworthy could result to unjust end. POLITICAL PARTIES; as per the political parties Act ,is defined as any organized group formed for the purpose of forming a government or local government authority within the united republic through election or for putting up or supporting candidate to such election .Now, the modern political thoughts tends to accept the notion that political parties are absolute essential to democracy so far the political parties try to crystallize many shades of opinion into one coherent policy unify many diverse element into one manageable unit. The political parties are manifested from the right of freedom of assembly as stipulated in the constitution .The political parties are mechanism to perform an important function of interest articulation, whereby an individual finds out the open channels to express their interest and needs, and also performing function of interest aggregation ,where peoples demands converted into general policy alternatives. Therefore in modern democracy ,it has always been necessary to guarantee and protect the freedom of assembly ,in that line it is one of the platform for attainment of social development and nurturing of democratic advancement in a given society.But the situation contrary to our country today, the right is restricted and its enjoyment subjected to the laws of the land, the problem comes in the course of interp retation and ,implementing the realization of this right. Experience can be drawn respectively from Tanzania, that the state limits the occupation of political parties so as to enhance the sustainability of state powers, there various laws and aspect which curtails the freedom of association for political parties and its operation . Starting with:- Cumbersome procedures for the registration of Political parties. t is a requirement of the law under political parties Act that any political party upon the request for registration must have at least 200 members from ten different region in the country. this number is too large and unrealistic especially in Tanzania where democracy is at infant stage. this provision denies the nourishment of democracy. Forinstance the denial of CCJ(chama cha jamii). Also under the same act it is provided that any political party ,by its constitution advocates the break up of union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar shall be disqualified and denied registrat ion. gain this provision limits the scope for scope discussion and will of the people towards union. The system of permanent national voters registration under the national election Act where without being registered the constitutional right to vote and being voted is vanished. in 2010,some irregularities in the system contributed good number of citizen not to vote due to typographic errors, double entry, false inclusion of alive in the list of deceased. Mere technicalities defeated the rights of citizens.Denial of independent candidate; one should not be compelled to join a political party in order to enjoy political right. the right to participate in governance of state includes right to vote and be voted. Also the practices shows that the ruling party during election used the government resources in the campaign. forinstance using of government vehicles and converting the government plans to political promises. this act are against free and fair election which is fundamental aspe ct of democracy.The role of police force; basically the police force does not guarantee the right to freedom of assembly but merely regulates the enjoyment of the right. on the ground of national security or public safety the police have the power to prohibit the assembly , however ,Lugakingira J,viewed that the law does not operate to take away the right to hold assembly or procession ‘it only empowers the police and magistrate to step in far the preservation of peace and order. but the police used such discretion power contrary even where is not necessary and sometimes used in favour of ruling party.To underscore this, refer the case of Mabere N yaucho Marando&another Vs Attorney General where it was held that ‘’in order to maintain public order and security during political rallies ,it was important for permit to be issued. however that discretionary power to issue permit had to be exercised judicially which required that all political parties get same and equa l treatment†¦ Therefore, the above means seems to be not trustworthy ,hence bars the growth of democracy which is the spirit of our constitution, and participation of people in a matter and due political process fear to face the iron bar of law enforcers.Hence this will defeat the interest of change and justice in community. ACCESS TO JUSTICE; this emanates from the cardinal principle of law that every person is equal before the law. Regardless of political stands ,religious affiliation, all should be treated alike without affording unnecessary privileges and exemption. Right to access justice is fundamental principle of rule of law. As in the case of Mwl. Paul john mhozya Vs Attorney General held that everyone and every institution or organization in this country is enjoined to pay respect to the principle of supremacy of the law.Access to justice should be devoid of undue technicalities which defeats the end of justice, the procedure of taking government to court is very cumb ersome . this is supported by the case of Peter Ng’omango Vs Gerson Mwangwa and Attorney General held that the right of an individual to have free access to the court is well recognized by constitution. the requirement of the consent of the minister before one can sue the government as imposed in section 6 of government proceeding Act infringes constitution â€Å"therefore this law is arbitrary and oppressive since it does not subjected to any control, therefore offends proportionality test.Also access to justice goes further to the speedy in dispensation of justice. As in the case of Hussanaira Kharton Vs Home Secretary State of Bihar held that delay in trial by itself constitutes denial of justice. In some circumstances citizens are denied the right o be heard ,while one has to be heard so as to access justice, failure to heard a party constitutes the violation of natural justice which is the spirit of the law. As in the case of Judge in charge of Arusha &Attorney General Vs Munuo that ‘’no one should be condemned unheard’’.On the other hand, independence of judiciary and impartiality of it determine highly the proper access and attainment of justice. But number of means such as judicial appointment, poor remuneration, and judicial infrastructures denies a number of people not to meet justice. also some enactments such as civil procedure code on the issue of security for cost and election Act on requisite for money so as to launch an appeal of election. , denies the access of justice . refer Francis ndyanabo Julius ishengoma Vs Attorney general. Therefore, justice should not be commercialized ,but should be done though heaven falls.Through easy entry to judicial system, availability of legal representation, equality before the law, our means will be trustworthy and end will be just. HIGHER ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES; These include president, ministers ,civil service, higher institutions, and boards, these bodies ought to co mply with the principle of natural justice in the course of discharging their duties. the principle are to give reason(s) for any decision made, to hear both sides. And should not be dominated with the personal interest but public interest.The failure of decision maker to take into account a relevant consideration in making administrative decision is one of the instance of abuse of power and discretion, this would entitle a party with sufficient stand to seek for judicial review of ultravires administrative actions. Now, proper procedures must be followed and decision maker not be biased. In supporting the above arguments ,the following cases are material. in the case of Mohamed Jawad Mrouch Vs Minister for home affair held that discretionary power must be exercised fairly, and this requires adherence of the rules of natural justice .Also the case of Said juma muslim shekimweri Vs Attorney General held that I this country,civil servant are dismissed for misconduct only and not pleas ure of president. and when civil servant dismissed cause must be assigned. Therefore, in the light of the case of James Gwagilo Vs Attorney General where Mwalusanya J(as he then was)held that ‘’there is no doubt that the absence of reasons would render the constitutional right of appeal and judicial review ineffective and illusionary† I have come in the view that the administrative authority must omply with legality and proportionality test. ORDINARY JURISDICTION; The matter of jurisdiction is not a mere technicality but fundamental. And independence of judiciary is the spirit of the jurisdiction of the court. by the virtue of Article 107 of constitution, the court is conferred jurisdiction to provide justice. Independence of judiciary rely on the basis of condition of service and tenure, manner of appointment of judges and discharge of their duties, and degree of stability and logistical protection against outside pressure and harassment . ut judges are appointee s of President from another pillar, remunerations comes from executive, this is ridiculous. Also application of law must be of retroactively, and each case must be adjudicated objectively and on merit and not self interest of judges, and impartiality is paramount important. Refer the case of James Bita Vs Iddi kambi held that the judiciary is an instrument of state set up to adjudicate impartiality disputes between subjects and subjects or subjects and government. Judicial officer at any level should not flinch from performing this sacred duty.Therefore ,the court should not be subjected to the means which are not trustworthy and unreliable so as to enable this temple of justice to be free and dispense justice and justice only without fear. WRIT JURISDICTION;This includes writ of mandamus,prohibition,certiorari,and habeas corpus. , as stipulated under the law reform (fatal accident and miscellaneous provision)Act . The citizen may be aggrieved with the actions and decisions of admin istrative authorities and request upon the high court to make review and issue an order which is prayed.However, the court writ jurisdiction is oustered by other laws and cause the court to remain dumb in case of the abuse of of power by public authorities. Article 41(7) enshrines that there shall be no challenge from any person and no any court shall have the power to investigate or entertain the issue of legality of president who announced by National electoral commission. The court of law is jealous of its jurisdiction ,as held in Mtenga Vs UDSM that it is trite to observe that the court is and has to be for the protection of public ,jealous of its jurisdiction and will not lightly finds its jurisdiction oustered.Also presence of undue technicalities such as one can not ask for the judicial review unless he/she has obtained leave. This mean leave could defeat the interest of justice; frankly this is not proper approach to justice. in the case of Timothy Mwakilasa Vs Principal sec retary held that it is an admitted fact that applicant has not obtained any leave from this court to make his application. That being so, the purported application is incompetent in law and this court ca not entertain it. Court of law is guardian of citizen rights and it is a temple of justice in which everyone is free to access and attain justice.The means to reach it should not be complex but smooth and trustworthy so as to arrive at the peak of justice. PUBLIC OPINION AND MASS MEDIA; This two aspects are underscored under the article 18 , and constitutes a primary element of democratic society . It cannot be conceivable without free debate and freedom of media. However the freedom of collecting and publishing newspapers,magazines,books,bulletins are hampered by the government through the laws which are not trustworthy. Minister ,in his opinion on the ground of public interest may decide to bann any newspaper in the land .Forinstance banning of Mwanahalisi newspaper. this law oust ers the jurisdiction of the court ,in which the court is jealous on it. Also according to Africa media barometer report, Tanzania communication regulatory authority(TCRA) is not entirely independent since both board chairman and director general are presidential appointees. This situation can compromise impartiality of media. Harassment and killings of the journalists;wherejournalist tend to shock the higher authority by publishing some news ,entered in hostility with the power.On February 2010,journalist Asraj mvungi and others were arrested by police officer following the order from district officials that they instigate land conflict. in connection to that ,killing of one Daud Mwangosi (journalist)draws a road towards the killing of freedom of media. And another challenge is that media is owned by politicians, tycoons and religious institution, hence editorial freedom demises. Therefore ,the laws that regulates enhancement and betterment of the media is subjected to the absolute discretion of government authorities.This is ridiculous and peril towards transparency and accountability of the government of the day. Hence,with this path the end shall not be just. As I arrive to the conclusion ,I am of the view that trustworthy means and procedures are cornerstone towards a good end, and always an end justifies the means. therefore,it is high time for us to look back on our laws making bodies and interest of justice for the purpose of modifying them. it is my humble opinion that citizen and government has to respect and adhere constitutionalism and democracy.